Additive effects represent the sum of parental genes influencing the offspring's trait, whereas non-additive effects encompass the effects of genetic dominance and gene gene interaction.
The pessimist would note that these medications' side effects encompass the worst of both worlds, since they increase the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and heart attacks.
49 Other frequently reported side effects encompass headache and upper respiratory infection.
Thus, we have revealed a novel cellular target for an interesting antihistamine drug whose effects encompass a wide range of biological events including growth inhibition and cell death induction.
However, the observation that aripiprazole elicits multiple D2R-mediated functional effects encompassing the whole range of pharmacological traits has enabled a progressive shift in the conceptualization of the mechanism of action of this drug, strengthening the hypothesis of a functional selective modulation of D2R-dependent specific downstream signaling pathways [ 45, 46].
Santodonato (1997) concluded that, regarding the etiology of human breast cancer, current scientific literature provides "persuasive evidence for the hypothesis that certain carcinogenic PAHs produce a unique duality of pathologic effects encompassing both genotoxic and nongenotoxic components".
For example, given an additive or multiplicative scale, exposures A and B may combine synergistically, antagonistically, or without interaction to promote disease, and our conceptualization of joint effects encompasses all of these.
This would in effect encompass a form of sensitivity analysis that would answer some of the issues of robustness raised by Ward et al. Our paper raised a related issue: namely, "would it be possible to declare a GMO equivalent in some environments and not in others?" This might certainly be a reasonable conclusion to draw from analyses in which significant interactions are demonstrated.
In this regard, the inter-site effect encompassed the various differences in disease extent and type, as well as exercise protocols and other variability among the different data sets obtained from the different studies.
Even considering this, the confidence intervals round the effect size encompassed more than a 50% increase in rate of abstinence.
