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The contribution of the non-missing covariates to the distribution of missing values is based on modelling the non-missing co-variates in complete cases to predict the likely value of the variable in records where it is missing.
It is typically difficult to calculate the distribution of missing data conditioned on the observed ones.
This work also considers three different mechanisms governing the distribution of missing values in a dataset, and examines the impact of noise on the imputation process.
The empirical results show that using incomplete cases often increases the effectiveness of nearest neighbor imputation (especially at higher missingness levels), regardless of the type of missingness (i.e., the distribution of missing values in the data).
The distribution of missing values was balanced across treatment groups.
Table 1 summarises the distribution of missing demographic data, attrition and the resulting imputed dataset.
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This trend is further confirmed when we examine the relationship between the missed gene rate of a center and the number of annotations the center has performed (Additional file 1: Figure S2), as well as view the distribution of missed gene rates on a per-chromosome basis within the sets of annotations performed by a particular center.
To examine the distribution of missed genes further, we divided the 1,574 annotations into two groups, with one group containing annotations from the four major centers, and the other group containing all other annotations; each group was then ranked by the number of missed genes per Mbp.
We also examined the distributions of missing values and misclassification as unemployed (homemaker, student, disabled, retired, or unemployed) for maternal and paternal occupations and industrial sectors.
The variance of the conditional distribution of missing variables in the m th segment given the observed ones in the (m − 1 th segment ( σ m, m. m − 1 2 ) is given by [19] σ m, m. m − 1 2 = σ m, m 2 − σ m − 1, m 4 / σ m − 1, m − 1 2, (11). in which σ m, m 2 is given by σ m, m 2 = 1 N ∑ n x m 2 ( n ) − μ m 2. (12..
32 33 Multiple imputation is a statistical method which uses the data available to model the likely distribution of missing data.
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