Attempts to replace a malfunctioning state with a market solution, currently very much in vogue in certain quarters in the United States, will fail, as long as they do not recognize the distinctive problems inherent in securing decentralized cooperation.
When after the Second World War, Congress became convinced of the need to assure direct civilian review over military justice, it deliberately chose to confide this power to a specialized Court of Military Appeals, so that disinterested civilian judges could gain over time a fully developed understanding of the distinctive problems and legal traditions of the Armed Forces.
The other distinctive problem is really the 'black-box' problem, where one has a complicated e.g. fundamental physics-based computer code, or 'black box', and one needs to know how changing the parameters at input -- due to uncertainties of any kind -- will map to changing the output.
The concept was integrated in the 'diffusion of innovation' theory [44], as acknowledged previously by Software Engineering scholars [45, 46], "one of the most distinctive problems in the diffusion of innovations is that the participants are usually quite heterophilous" [44].
The dangers of tyrannical majorities were recognized by the founding fathers as a distinctive problem.
Several philosophers have argued that ethical supervenience poses a distinctive problem for the non-naturalist (Dreier 1992, ms; Ridge 2007; McPherson 2012 ).
This, the management guru Peter Drucker argued, is a distinctive problem of modern "knowledge work".
In the Donald Trump era, though, there's a distinctive problem: Before he can be defended or criticized, we have to figure out what's actually happening.
This yields a distinctive problem structure where long term average variables are determined by the expectation of a not necessarily concave functional of the resource allocation functions.
And that reluctance contributes to some of the distinctive medical problems they face.
