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Fortunately, the proteasome has an informative phylogenetic distribution that allows us to polarize the direction of its evolution.
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The nonsynonymous substitution rate (Ka), the synonymous substitution rate (Ks), and their ratio (Ka/Ks) are commonly used to aid in understanding the direction of evolution and its selective strength in a coding sequence (Li et al. [2009]).
From the foregoing, it seems evident that the direction of landform evolution can only be grasped from the study of geomorphic process if the character and role of relict landforms and deposits are clearly understood.
(Indeed it suffices to reverse the direction of the evolution in which case goes to.) We can now ultradiscretise (4.5) to (4.6).
These cultural changes influenced the direction of human evolution, but they certainly didn't stop it.
They point us in the direction of the evolution of the structural state of the system when it is tending to the equilibrium state.
In evolutionary terms, increase in size has probably played a large part in determining the direction of primate evolution.
The theory gave a satisfactory account of the relative abundances of the elements, provided an explanation of the direction of stellar evolution and gave an objective basis for calculation of the internal constitution of stars.
Arrows indicate the direction of the evolution over time.
Microbes (bacteria, eukaryotes, and viruses) were omnipresent threats, influencing the direction of multicellular evolution.
While the stability condition determines the direction of system evolution, the stability-constrained CFD further describes the dynamics of structure evolution.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com