This permits the calculation of PMRNs by the direct method as well as by the demographic method.
The direct method, as described by Fang and Muzic [10], evaluated the input functions by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) difference.
To quantify the efficiency of these responses, we computed the mutual information between the stimulus and response using the direct method, as shown in figure 7b.
This problem has been widely studied in the literature, and the solution algorithms involve direct methods as well as indirect methods.
In the present study, the indirect method was selected to determine the amount of drug entrapped in nanoparticle suspension as the direct methods for determining nanoparticle EE are always complex and time-consuming.
Infection through aerosolized particles without direct animal contact, or by some other less direct method, as well as human-to-human transmission, cannot be ruled out.
We used the direct method of standardisation as described by Beaghole et al 28 for standard Portuguese population.
These methods are often computationally more complex and not as commonly used as the direct methods.
We calculated crude, age- and sex-specific incidence rates and adjusted for age by the direct method with the world population as standard.
All the rates were calculated dividing observed cases by the corresponding person-years at risk, standardized for gender and age using the direct method with the European population as the standard and truncated at 65 years-old.
