This scaling, in which genetic differences are specified in terms of spatial distances, better reflects our spatially determined concepts of population delineation.
These differences are specified using a non-binary species tree: at binary nodes, we assume that ILS is so rare that incongruence is always evidence of gene duplication or transfer.
As a slope is being proposed in this study, with between group differences being specified, then across the slope (time), the between group differences will remain the same and thus the sample size should be the same at any point in time.
Differences were specified based on how to treat the patient and the different views on the patient's "role" within the hospital and municipal setting.
In a range of studies, consumers preferred the cheaper option in greater numbers when the price difference was made explicit — when price difference was specified as residual cash, and when other uses of the money were suggested — thus generating an opportunity cost in their minds.
A certain composition of a LaNi5-based alloy that produces desorbing and absorbing reactions through a low-temperature difference is specified.
Intuitively, for each fixed i, when the 'correct' partitions are specified, the differences between the f̂ (·| B i) s and g(·| B i s will be relatively small.
Despite differences in how the different progenitor domains are specified, descendants of both pancreatic progenitor domains make endocrine and exocrine cells, and descendants of both liver progenitor domains contribute to differentiating liver bud cells [ 1, 2].
Therefore, algorithmic game theory is not an appropriate theoretical foundation for agent-based modeling because of the limited kinds of outcomes that are represented, the constraints on scaling, and the substantial practical differences in how models are specified.
In Drosophila melanogaster differences in adult reproductive behaviors are specified by the somatic sex determination hierarchy (hereafter called sex hierarchy), a multi-branched hierarchy with functions in directing both sexual development and dosage compensation reviewed in [ 1, 2].
Differences for each of the 19 individual subtest variables are specified in online supplementary table S4.
