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The depth of diffusion into the 1D column is approximately 40 meters at 1000 years if no carbonate forming reactions occur (Figure 8a).
It encompasses six characteristics which help to identify the depth of diffusion, i.e.: technology, energy supply, connectivity, information processing, aggregation level and location of the intelligence.
In ion nitriding, the amount of ɛ phase, maximum microhardness, and the depth of diffusion zone increased with the nitrogen content of the atmosphere.
In order to make a statement on the level of diffusion of the "Internet of Things" within logistical processes an instrument for the measurement of the "depth of diffusion" was developed.
To confirm the effectiveness of the considered method for processing, laboratory tests were conducted that were aimed at determination of the depth of diffusion of the chemical powder (iron coating systems based on the Fe-Ni-Cr-B-Si-Mn) in the process of the treatment and the test of wear resistance.
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The diffusion model was extended to estimate the FeB/Fe2B layer thicknesses, and the depth of the diffusion zone at the temperature of 1243 K with 3 and 5 h of exposure, based on the experimental parameters ascribed to the boriding process.
From the analyses of the impedance spectra combined with anodic current transients measured on the hydrated electrode heat-treated at 25 150 °C, it was found that as the amount of hydrates decreases, the depth of cation diffusion in the electrode becomes shallower and the ratio of charge-transfer resistance to diffusion resistance also increases.
This is related to the fact, that the depth of Ag diffusion into the L-CVD SnO2 subsurface layer is larger than the XPS information depth (in average 3 mean free paths of approximately 4 nm).
As consumption of CO2 by siderite growth affects the depth of CO2 diffusion, we ran a sensitivity study on reactive surface area going from no reaction (a) up to the base case (c).
Both computational and experimental results indicated that the depth of nitrogen diffusion increased with decrease in scanning speed, and subsequent increase in laser interaction time and increase in input laser energy density.
Nitriding is usually done by heating steel objects in gaseous ammonia (NH3) at temperatures between 500 and 550 °C (950 and 1,050 °F) for periods of 5 to 100 hours, depending upon the desired depth of diffusion of the nitrogen.
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