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The negative effect of fragmentation on M. communis recruitment became stronger when all the demographic processes were integrated.
The demographic processes negatively affected by fragmentation were bird-generated seed rain and seedling emergence and survival, which were attributable, respectively, to lower fruit abundance and poorer habitat quality in the smaller patches.
Here, we focused on the demographic processes that accompanied the global diaspora of modern humans after their origin in Africa.
The rationale of the cross-validation approach is that the demographic processes that shaped population genetic structure have affected all loci across the genome.
With this motivation we have studied a non-standard neutral model that aims at being simple enough, but not too simple, so as to account for some of the demographic processes that are likely to occur in natural pathogen populations.
Indeed, the increasing application of highly polymorphic genetic markers (such as microsatellites) is a recognition that defining population structure and population level genetic variation is critical to understanding the demographic processes that drive free-living protists distributions.
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But does it follow that grant-making institutions should try to reverse the demographic process visible above?Insofar as the aging of academic generated institutional changes that bias funding against the young, yes.
This paper examines the demographic process of spontaneous settlements expansion, the income and employment characteristics of the households, and the dominant land and housing tenure types of spontaneous settlements on the Tehran metropolitan fringe.
For instance in the SVERIGE model [9], the whole population of Sweden in 1990 is the starting population, and large longitudinal data sets are used for estimation of many equations for the demographic process.
However, the precise threshold value to detect positive or negative (purifying) selection depends on the demographic process [ 20] and on the level of sequence divergence [ 21].
The two demographic processes that have the greatest effect on the shape of the projection are population size changes in the reference population and admixture from the test population into the reference population (Yang et al. 2014).
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