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This observation shows that the defects presence in our exfoliated graphene is not similar to the defects level in reduced graphene with I D/I G of 1 [25].
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Moreover, we are searching the algorithm with HDP as less as possible influenced/correlated with the defects levels (i.e., low standard deviation).
The defect level becomes excessive if either the energy or the fluence is set too high.
The Raman test was also conducted to investigate the defect level of synthesized CNTs.
The defect level in TiAlO composite film was characterized by the PL spectra, as shown in Fig. 5c.
In addition, the goals will direct to bring down the defect level and increase output for a specific process.
The result can be explained by the change of the defect type as well as the decrease of the defect level related to growth time.
The defect level center of the high-k TiAlO is determined to be located at the middle gap of TiAlO film by PL measurement.
Therefore, the electron from the defect level of ZnO can transfer to the surface plasmons of Au, which significantly increase the electron density.
Therefore, the defect level responsible for the blue emission can be assigned to VZn′ that is about 0.7 eV above the valence band [10].
They reported an increase of the defect level in graphene on the basis of Raman measurements, indicating that graphene was functionalized during the O2 plasma-assisted ALD process.
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