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The computations below were considered for all the cases I b < 0, I b = 0 and I b > 0. The way the characteristics behave in time in each case is different, but this does not affect the results stated below.
All the computations below are for genes g in 𝒮 only.
For convenience we list the values of these coefficients for some common relative pairs (Lange, 1997), and we compute corresponding Kendall's tau in the last column after the computations below.
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Given two of them, one called Surface and the other Tool, the computation below was done in order to update the distance field of the Surface: (1) S u r f a c e = max (S u r f a c e, − T o o l ).
Using the Campbell-Baker-Hausdorff formula, it is then easy to see (look also at the computation below) that (3.27).
Using this data, three 163-year evenly spaced series with 0.05 yr, 0.1 yr, and 10 d step were constructed, and all the computations described below were made with all three series.
These three tables were populated after applying the computations described below and in the Results.
The solvability criterion for the problem (4.29) has the form (in computations below we need a composition of operators and the order of operations is following the inner operator which acts to matrices and vector function having an argument denoted by and the outer operator which acts to matrices having an argument denoted by (4.30).
In order to improve the efficiency of the computations of distances below, the μ-representation of the network is stored with the μ-vectors sorted in any total order, for instance the lexicographic order; note that the computational cost of sorting the μ-representation is O(nmlog m); hence, the total cost of the computation and sorting is still O m2 n ).
However, the computations are expensive, limited to frequencies below 2500 Hz, and provide little physical insight.
The computations of these three features are explained below.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com