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A number of recent coordinated rocket and ground-based investigations have concentrated on the cold summer mesopause region where the occurrence of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSEs) provides excellent examples of layering processes observable over both relatively small and large altitude scales.
Middle atmosphere GCMs have been notorious for their inability to simulate the cold summer mesopause - the so-called 'cold pole problem'.
Strong radar echoes, called polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE), from the cold summer mesopause region at high latitudes have been observed mainly with VHF radars (hereafter called VHF-PMSE) (e.g., Rapp and Lübken, 2004 and references therein; Bremer et al., 2006; Morris et al., 2009).
If asked to nominate the one album that carried us through the cold summer evenings of 2007 and freezing winter nights of 2008, without hesitation we would plump for Haswell & Hecker's majestic and deeply alien Blackest Ever Black.
By contrast, many southern "warm" species can survive the cold summer temperatures in the north.
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This Common Redpoll is toughing out the cold winter winds.
The cold winter may also be helping sales.
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