In short, the Wald test of Granger causality confirms the causality from money growth, income growth, and budget deficit to interest rates in Sri Lanka over the study period.
Aside from the topology of connections, different mathematical models and network constructing algorithms can also include information on the causality from the directionality of relationships, information on the type of effect (i.e. activating, stimulatory, inhibitory), the strength of the interaction, and, in some few models, the kinetics and dynamics.
(B ) Clusters ranked from more causal to more responsive in the causality network (from blue to red for clusters 1 through 8).
Even when the relationship is contemporaneous, the fact of working by age group and gender weakens the potential causality from the employment rate to GDP.
One plausible finding in the result is the unidirectional causality from renewable energy consumption to economic growth.
Using UK industry competition data as an exogenous variable, Kadyrzhanova and Rhodes-Kropf (2011) also confirms that the causality runs from industry competition to ATPs, not vice versa.
In this paper, I present panel data on employment transitions, supporting the view that part of the causality goes from labor status to happiness rather than the other way.
Perhaps the causality runs from art history to high incomes, but I doubt it.
In the former, the causality goes from the indicator to the construct, whereas for the latter, the direction of causality is reversed.
The reliability of the reflective − i.e. the causality goes from the construct to the indicators − measurement models was assessed at construct and indicator level.
For countries like Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, and the UK, we find the unidirectional causality from innovation to per capita economic growth (PAR => GDP), whereas for countries like Czech Republic, Denmark, Hungary, Ireland, and Norway, we find unidirectional causality from per capita economic growth to innovation (PAR <= GDP).
