However, in the building operation phase, developing and calibrating a BESM becomes difficult because all operating parameters must be adjusted according to real-time data.
Results showed that the building operation can satisfy staff's individual requirements after the retrofit.
It is therefore important to consider exploring BIM applications that encompasses the building operation phase.
However, computational modeling can also apply to the building operation phase.
During the building operation phase, it is recognized that the performance of building envelope elements and energy supply systems drops with time.
In building optimisation many parameters are uncertain due to their dependence on the building operation and environment (e.g. internal loads).
One of the strategies that are widely applied in the building operation recently is to optimize the potential usage of natural ventilation within an interior building space.
To ensure that the panel performance is maintained during the building operation phase, durability needs to be specifically evaluated as well.
Both deterministic and stochastic analyses show the effectiveness of the proposed predictive power flow control to decrease the building operation electricity costs and load ramp-rates.
Further, in order to encourage relevant efficiency efforts, it is essential to know how to measure energy efficiency in the building operation phase.
