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The benchmark value and free allocation factor for units can be found in Table 3.
The estimation error is defined as the absolute difference between the benchmark value and the estimations given by all algorithms.
If k = 1, the upper threshold will be equal to the benchmark value; hence, the adaptive system will deliver no better performance compared to the non-adaptive system.
For total phosphorus, the benchmark value defined in Brazilian Federal Legislation is higher than the turnover threshold of several mayfly genera.
Rescaling the variables to set the benchmark values of z and λ to unity, the benchmark value of ρ must also be 1 (now, ρ is a deflator).
The benchmark value can be the average emission rate, the advanced emission rate in the industry, or the historical emission rate of an emitter: Q_{{{text{ea}},i}} = Q_{{{text{ao}},i}} B_{i} lambda_{i} (2 where Q ao,i is the actual output of emitter i; B i is the benchmark value for emitter i.
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In the case of New Brunswick, the optimal parameter values are quite different from the benchmark values.
The insets are the deviation distribution relative to the benchmark values in each calculation (training set: red; test set: blue).
The insets are the deviation (calculated-benchmark) distribution relative to the benchmark values in each calculation (training set: red; test set: blue) Fig. 5 NCIs calculated by DFT ωB97XD and DFT-GRNN versus benchmark values.
Figure 15b shows that the standard deviations of charge durations for the identification values and the benchmark values are quite close.
The insets are the deviation distribution relative to the benchmark values in each calculation (training set: red; test set: blue) Fig. 7 NCIs calculated by DFT PBE, PBE-D3 and DFT-GRNN versus benchmark values.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com