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The electron-transport yield (Фtr) of different ETLs with different excitation intensities can be estimated using equation, Фtr = 1 –τp/τglass, where τp is the average lifetime for perovskite deposited on different substrates, and τglass is the average lifetime for glass/perovskite.
According to Antonio Bent, Kevin Roth, and Yiou Zuo, "the average lifetime for passenger cars has increased from 12.2 to 15.6 years between 1970s and 2000s". Cars last longer because they are made better than they used to, and while people often trade in old cars for new ones after a few years, the old cars remain in use through the used car market for many years.
The average lifetime, for each point (Supporting Information, Equation S2), amounted to τav=0.7±0.2 ns.
The average lifetime for this sample was 7 ns, and the lifetimes were distributed between 12 and 4 ns.
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The average lifetime of AF647 for the soluble protein was 1.29 ± 0.01 ns, slightly higher than the reported value of 1 ns, which indicates the absence of quenching of the fluorophore upon tagging the protein.
Lifetime measurements are often taken in order to confirm the occurrence of energy transfer – a decrease in the average lifetime of donor is expected for nanocrystal luminescence quenching [14].
Note that the mean coalescent time T2 and the speed of the fitness wave (via the average lifetimes of polymorphisms destined for fixation?) can at least roughly be estimated from the data.
In addition, for the multiplicative model, an analytic formula is derived for estimating the average lifetimes of the surviving microbes.
(The average lifetime risk for women in the United States is 12percentto13percentcent).
In fact, according to the National Eye Institute, the annual economic cost of visual impairment in the U.S. is estimated at $68 billion, whereas the average lifetime cost for a person with vision impairment is estimated at $566,000 (in 2003 dollars).
The average lifetime was used for the sake of simplicity in the dynamic quenching rate calculations because multiple apparent lifetimes are detected in the TrIQ and TyrIQ data, especially ultrashort lifetimes in samples with extensive quenching (see Table 1 of the Supporting Information).
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