Exogenous nitrate, the most effective alternate terminal electron acceptor after molecular oxygen, protected hypoxic mycobacteria from acid stress.
A recent study has shown that Mtb maintains a fully energised cytoplasmic membrane to preserve ATP homeostasis during hypoxia without the use of alternate terminal electron acceptors (NO3−, fumarate, etc).
Another drug targeting opportunity created by hypoxia is the need for M. tuberculosis to utilize alternate terminal electron acceptors as the final step of respiration.
According to this model, the status of Wnt activity within the two daughter cells leads to selection of alternate terminal differentiation programs, resulting in cell fate diversity.
Also, passive radar homing, which became an important means of air-to-air guidance, was backed up by inertial guidance for mid-course and by an alternate terminal homing method in case the target aircraft shut off its radar.
Most variations affecting alternate terminal exons were restricted to the UTR regions, indicative of alternate transcriptional start and/or stop sites and presumed impacts on splicing patterns.
Up-regulation of genes in C2 metabolism, especially enzymes that maintain redox balance, utilize alternate terminal electron acceptors, or handle the increased two-carbon flux point to these proteins as particularly important in the metabolic alterations made for survival in the hypoxic granuloma.
In a search for overlapping exons between isoform A and isoform B starting from either termini, if the first overlapping exon found between isoform A and B is not a terminal exon in either isoform, the series of exons from the corresponding termini of isoform A found prior to the first overlapping exon are grouped and classified as alternate terminal exons (a single alternate terminal event).
We have assigned labels to rice and Arabidopsis splicing isoforms corresponding to the following nine classes of alternative splicing: a) Alternate Acceptor (AA), b) Alternate Donor (AD), c) Alternate Terminal Exon (ATE), d) Skipped Exon (SE), e) Retained Exon (RE), f) Initiation Within an Intron (IWI), g) Termination Within an Intron (TWI), h) Retained Intron (RI), and i) Spliced Intron (SI).
However, other types such as alternate terminal exon, retained exon (RE) and skipped exon (SE), initiation within an intron, termination within an intron, and spliced intron have also been reported in Oryza sativa.
During high oxygen demand, ferric bound phosphate is released to water with reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ because iron is an alternate terminal electron acceptor during deficiency of dissolved oxygen (Kortmann and Rich 1994).
