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One of the most complex forms of reconciliation among chimpanzees occurs when two rival males reach a point of stalemate, neither backing down nor escalating the aggressive interaction.
Between 10 00 and 12 00 hours the partition was removed daily for 10 min. Throughout the stress phase body weight was monitored weekly, food intake was monitored daily and locomotor activity was monitored continuously except during the aggressive interaction.
The identity of the partner in the aggressive interaction with the focal bird was usually unknown.
In three cases, resident males eventually stopped releasing urine pulses after the aggressive interaction escalated to mouth-to-mouth fighting.
The Student's t test for paired samples was used to compare the urination frequency of neighbouring males between social isolation and during the aggressive interaction.
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The dominance hierarchy was determined by observing the aggressive interactions and by this high-, medium- and low-ranked hens in each cage were identified.
Although the effects of PA were not as clear as expected, these results provide evidence of the directionality of the aggressive interactions from U towards M birds especially at intermediate GS 20.
For each bird, we also noted the frequency of copulations and the aggressive interactions they were involved in.
This sex difference was also apparent when considering the aggressive interactions of each degree of intensity separately (Table 2).
Usually, matched-control observations (MC) are conducted at the same time the next possible observation day after the aggressive interactions [de Waal & Yoshihara, 1983].
Our results demonstrate that 'stress-related behaviors' are flexibly modulated by the characteristics of the preceding aggressive interaction and reflect the individual's emotional strain, which is linked to autonomic arousal.
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