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Given that the disease phenotype can arise independently of RECQL4 mutations, it should be reconciled whether the affected function of RECQL4 depends on another protein that is also impaired by a mutation causing the remaining third of RTS cases.
If multiple reports on a particular variation differed, the mutation was classified as nonneutral with respect to that function: that is, a single report of a functionally disruptive mutation was sufficient to classify the variant as nonneutral for the affected function regardless of other existing annotations reporting neutrality of the variant.
Decreases in mean scores may be too small to detect or to evaluate as to clinical significance for one individual, but they may be quite important when considered in terms of the impact on the population distribution of the affected function, as has been shown for lead [ 49].
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There is evidence that migraine patients could present cognitive deficits, being the affected functions memory, processing information speed and attention [7].
The affected functions comprise proliferation, production of soluble factors (e.g. cytokines), and cellular cytotoxicity.
In all such cases, PLINK's citation instructions direct users of the affected functions to cite the original work.
Further studies are now required to demonstrate whether exosomes from insulin-resistant SkM can reach the blood circulation and regulate the homeostasis of the other insulin-sensitive tissues and to decipher the affected functions in these target tissues.
The affected functions, such as the development of muscle force and muscle relaxation, including intracellular Ca2+ handling, can be enhanced in wild-type animals, as well as in humans, by Cr supplementation (Kraemer and Volek 1999; van Leemputte et al. 1999).
While a detailed analysis of the likely outcomes of the affected functions on hippocampal physiology has not been performed, it is interesting to note that some of the observed changes in anhedonic mice are part of categories consisting of negative or inhibitory processes.
For the upregulated DEGs, the most affected functions were associated with biosynthetic and metabolic processes (Fig. 3a).
Such patterns of convergent evolution (convergent evolution as defined by Arendt and Reznick [2008]) are usually taken as a strong indication for the particular adaptive value of the identified mechanism and/or affected function (Christin et al. 2010; Wake et al. 2011)—irrespective of convergence being due to selection on standing or de novo sequence variation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com