PACAP exerts its functions through the activation of three different G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs): VPAC1, VPAC2 and PAC1.
To assess the involvement of CD40L we compared the activation of three different types of human monocytic cells: freshly isolated monocytes, monocytes primed with interferon gamma (IFNγ-macrophages), and THP-1 cells.
To test whether the system allows the activation of three different endogenous genes in a dose-dependent manner, we co-transfected HEK293T cells with dCas9VP160 and the most efficient sgRNAs targeting all three genes (sgIL1RN1∼3 for IL1RN, sgSOX2-5∼7 for targeting SOX2, and sgOCT4-3∼6 fOCT4CT4) in different ratios.
The activation of two different subsets of C-fibers shows that there are multiple pathways for pruritus, changing according to the stimulus.
The inconsistent effect of octreotide on thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia may be due to thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia relying on the activation of two different intracellular cascades of events in the spinal cord.
Binding of FGF ligands to their receptors leads to activation of three different intracellular pathways: mitogen-activated protein-kinase (MAPK, including ERKs, p38 and JNKs), Protein Kinase C (PKC) and phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) [22], [23], [23].
Here, we show that activation of three different KNOXI proteins using an inducible system resulted in a rapid increase in mRNA levels of the cytokinin biosynthesis gene isopentenyl transferase 7 (andPT7) and in the activation of ARR5, a cytokinin response factor.
Since IGF-1 signaling involves the downstream activation of two different pathways, namely the MAPK and the PI3K pathways, we next evaluated if these pathways were altered similarly to IRS-1.
The electrochemical activation of two different GOprs with interlayer distances of 3.9 and 4.4 Å and a graphite was studied with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4).
Finally, it should be noted that area-specific feedback inhibition (FI) not only provides the network with more stability but, as shown by theoretical work (Willshaw et al., 1969; Braitenberg, 1978; Hopfield, 1982; Palm, 1982, 1987), can also solve the superposition problem, which requires the simultaneous full activation of two different HNCs to be prevented (Knoblauch & Palm, 2002).
The degree of activation of two different second messenger pathways appears to determine the transcriptional response, suggesting that cellular responses to stressors are fine-tuned through differential receptor isoform expression.
