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Are we to imagine the income distribution that would have obtained had there never been an income tax, the distribution that would have obtained had existing income taxes been repealed at some specified point in time, or some other situation?
Sometimes the baseline that is invoked in claims that redistributive policies are undertaken is the set of holdings that would have obtained had they received that to which they were entitled.
This threshold notion is unaffected by the non-identity-problem, for here the finding of harm does not require that the person who is in the sub-threshold state would be in a better state in the situation that would have obtained in the absence of the harming action.
Similarly, that a pattern of holdings differs from the pattern that would have obtained in the absence of any taxation would not in itself seem to give us reason to look upon the pattern of holdings that obtain with the tax positively or negatively.
This approach captures across-session drift in the location parameters while avoiding the explosion in the number of free parameters and the consequent increased uncertainty in their estimates that would have obtained had all six parameters been free to vary across sessions.
The SNM trait is called a 'modifier' because it changes the social niche that would have obtained had it not been in operation.
Similar(54)
Tenet writes, "Had that happened, I am confident that we would have obtained none of the information he had in his head about imminent threats against the American people".
No. 3: If these funds underperform their benchmarks and get the lowest management fee possible … how would that fee compare to the fees that Putnam would have obtained if the investors bought a prorated portion of each underlying fund and paid the associated fixed fees instead?
Of those who gained employment, 72% reported that they would have obtained work without the assistance of Job Brokers, again suggesting that New Deal registrants were already more motivated to return to work.
Here, the p values represent the probability that we would have obtained for the current results if the correlation coefficients were actually zero.
Here, the p-value shows the probability that we would have obtained the current result if the correlation coefficient were, in fact, zero.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com