The survey instrument was initially designed in English, translated to Kiswahili, and then translated back to English by another translator to ensure that the translated version captured the questions correctly.
It involves having at least three judges rate the translations; if the judges agree that the translated items reflect the intentions of the originals, their judgments converge or are congruent (inter-subjective agreement) and provide an evidence for the logical validity of the translation.
In the preface of his Sen Huen ritual manuscript translation (2009), he states that the translated Sen Huen ritual manuscript was checked by Mr. Lo Wan Tan, a local Tai Dam wise man living in Ban Samnue, Muong Lo (or Nghia Lo), Yen Bai, Vietnam.
We noted few inconsistencies between both forward translations and between the back translations and the original items, indicating that the translated version is reflecting the same item content as the original version.
Generally the methodological quality of the translation process is poor, which was mainly due to the fact that the translated version was not pre-tested in the target population.
To further confirm the psychometric properties of the scale after translation, a principal axis factor analysis was performed showing that the translated version had the same structure as the original version and all items had satisfactory factor loadings (> 0.4) within their respective sub-scales [ 26].
Translators can then use OneSky's platform to make sure that the translated version of the description will fit within iTunes strict character limits.
Other explanations may be that the translated protein is unstable and triggers a compensatory increase in transcription and translation.
The transcribed interviews were then translated into English by the researcher, and back-translation was conducted by a bilingual student assistant to ensure that the translated transcripts accurately reflected the originals.
But she said her group's surveys found that the translated forms and documents were rarely available at the Human Resources Administration.
Remnick went to note that the translated versions of Brodsky's poems that appeared in English did not convey the power of the original Russian: In English … his poems are too often ruins of their real selves, or, at best, simulacra.
