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Finally, Congress's commerce authority includes the power to regulate those activities having a substantial relation to interstate commerce, i.e., those activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".... Several significant considerations contributed to our decision [in Lopez].
The court has ruled that the government can regulate "activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".
Past Supreme Court decisions have established the standard that Congress can control "activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".
Mr. Gershengorn responds that the insurance requirement falls within Supreme Court precedents allowing Congress to regulate "activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".
Judge George C. Steeh of Federal District Court in Detroit ruled that choosing not to obtain insurance qualified as an example of "activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".
It points to a series of Supreme Court precedents that interpret those provisions as allowing the regulation of "activities that substantially affect interstate commerce".
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The individual mandate, he went on, "like the act as a whole, thus regulates economic conduct that substantially affects interstate commerce".
The court directly addressed whether a choice to go without health insurance qualifies as an "activity" that substantially affects interstate commerce, which is the standard set in prior Supreme Court decisions on the breadth of the Commerce Clause.
In the case of intermediate or weak coupling, the energy and carrier transfer between QDs occurs through quantum mechanical tunneling that substantially affects recombination, carrier injection, and lasing in the QD system [7 11].
This lack of replication may reflect heterogeneity associated with age and development that substantially affects the neuroanatomy of autism (Duerden et al. 2012).
It is not uncommon in LBP that prognostic factors show statistically significant associations with outcome at a group level but little predictive value at an individual level [ 27] and there is no evidence for a single factor that substantially affects LBP prognosis on its own for all individuals.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com