As pointed out previously (Charlesworth, 1998; Noor and Bennett, 2009), forces that reduce within-population diversity can lead to elevated F ST values in the absence of diversifying selection and restricted gene flow.
This is because F is a relative measure of differentiation [see Eq. (1)], and therefore all else being equal, F is expected to be elevated by forces that reduce within-population diversity [i.e., π S in Eq. (1)], irrespective of whether diversifying selection or reduced gene flow has affected the genomic region under study (Charlesworth, 1998; Noor and Bennett, 2009).
Besides, the introduction of innovations that reduce LOS may reduce within-hospital variance (standardisation of processes) and increase between-hospital variance (front-runners and laggards).
Bethel White granite covers east and west facades, to protect the glass core; the north and south sides are fully glazed, although the latter, where the sun is most intense, features built-in shades that reduce heat within the building by deflecting sunlight.
State law limits the Redevelopment Agency's spending to affordable housing or development projects that reduce blight within two specific areas in Glendale: the Central Glendale Project Area, which includes much of downtown, and the San Fernando Road Corridor Project Area.
Therefore, the estuaries in sub-cube 6 may look to estuaries in sub-cube 2 (along the socioeconomic axis) for management options that reduce vulnerability within the socioeconomic context (i.e., policy tools that increase funding to education or increase different types of public assistance).
Local Motion estimates that its customers reduce usage by 30percentt within their fleets.
A second factor complicating attempts to compare patterns of mtDNA and NRY variation is that estimates of genetic differentiation between populations are sensitive to variables that reduce the level of within-group variation, with decreased variation resulting in larger genetic differentiation.
The changes that reduce product costs within the payback policy requirement are worthy of tracking and some horn-tooting.
Our model predicts that only mutations that reduce rab7 function within a certain range will lead to a neuropathy, explaining the rarity of these mutations and the variability of disease onset.
Moreover, this interpretation is supported by the positive correlation of both pS and, in particular, pN with intergenic diversity level, showing that selective events that reduce the diversity within coding regions also reduce diversity at nearby linked sites (cf. [ 32]), or vice versa.
