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We slightly modified that questionnaire, in considerations of changing of social and medical background in recent years.
Remember that questionnaire results do not predict or express actual behaviour but are a reflection of what would be desirable from the viewpoint of the person invited to respond (Gaertner and Schokkaert 2012, Chapter 2).
The fact that questionnaire data were collected from different informants and at disparate points in time makes this study less susceptible to common source bias than many previous studies (see Frenzel 2014 for a critical review).
The researchers then used that questionnaire to identify any biases.
Nevertheless, it is expected that questionnaire items will be adjusted following assessments of validity using IRT.
The fact that questionnaire data were not particularly reliable as morbidity indicators is not surprising.
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From the distribution in Fig. 1, it can be seen that questionnaire-based intensities are relatively higher in the northwestern part of the Nobi Plain.
It was found that questionnaire-based and clinical based CRS show moderate correlation [ 21].
The regulations of The Danish National Ethics Committee specify that questionnaire-based studies do not have to be approved.
Indeed, it has been suggested that questionnaire-based methods have contributed to the heterogeneity of findings relating to the biological basis of impulsivity (Eisenberg et al., 2007).
Recent research suggests that questionnaire-based outcome assessment may not accurately reflect people's experiences of chronic disease self-management [ 29, 30].
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