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We have described a general and likely pervasive mechanism that generates functional novelty.
Natural selection, that generates functional optimization of predatory reptile venom peptides, can potentially provide new insights for drug lead design or for normal physiological or pathophysiological processes.
Endoproteolytic processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoproteins is an obligate part of the biosynthetic pathway that generates functional, fusion-competent Env complexes, which are then incorporated into infectious virions.
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Realizing this vision requires interfacing natural molecular inputs with synthetic components that generate functional molecular outputs.
While pluripotent stem cells hold good future promise to this end, more immediate translation is expected to come from approaches that generate functional VSMCs from adult sources of multipotent adipose-derived and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs and BMSCs).
Thus, this relatively rapid assay allows us to screen mutations and tentatively identify those that generate functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins.
Following these reports, numerous studies have shown that manipulations that generate functional T-cell lymphopenia result in the development of a variety of organ-specific autoimmune diseases in animal models (reviewed in [ 3]).
Each step in the normal process that generates normal, functional T cells is genetically controlled by many structural and regulatory genes, and, therefore, the potential for genetic defects resulting in an abnormal number or function of T cells – and subsequently, SCID phenotype – is great.
The hematopoietic precursors leave the bone marrow and migrate into the thymus, primary site of T cells development, providing a unique microenvironment that efficiently generates functional T lymphocytes.
Glycosylation, the attachment of glycans (oligosaccharides) to proteins or lipids, is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that generates an extensive functional capability from a limited set of genes [8] [10].
The assay distinguished mutations that generate fully functional, nonfunctional, and partially functional proteins.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com