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TFWs are an important source of labour supply in Canada.
The study focuses on TFWs who become permanent residents.
For other TFWs, there is generally no compelling evidence to support this view.
TFWs in three groups (IA, CI-EB, and OCI) do not require an LMO.
Among TFWs who have earnings, men earn more annually than their female counterparts.
Hypothesis H1 may not be relevant for all TFWs who are attached to a specific firm.
In this case, TFWs are generally tied to one specific firm by a restricted work permit.
In Canada, employer-sponsored TFWs can obtain work permits only after employers demonstrate that they cannot find comparable domestic employees in the local labour market, so these TFWs often have prearranged jobs before arriving in the host country.
While low-skilled TFWs employed as seasonal agricultural workers or in the Low-skill Pilot programme are also TFWs for whom an LMO is required, they are excluded from the study because of insufficient sample sizes in the study period.
Some TFWs would not have entered the Canadian labour market without help from their employer in Canada.
Furthermore, the majority of these selected TFWs (roughly 70%) have positive total employment earnings for 5 to 8 years.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com