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We also used permutation tests to examine whether the observed results from some specific tests were significantly different from a random result.
In the analyses, we first conducted one-tailed t tests to examine whether there were significant differences in the predicted direction, pre-visit to post-visit, for each of the explanation measures in the overall sample.
We furthermore used the extended clade model to conduct two likelihood ratio tests to examine whether the positive selection pressure has changed between the 1980s and the 2000s.
We used the chi-square and Fischer's exact tests to examine whether missing data occurred completely at random.
In the second level, we used ANOVA and post-hoc tests to examine whether the predictive probabilities were significantly different between groups.
For study question 3 (persistence of depression) within each component we undertook separate t tests to examine whether there was any difference in the mean scores of those who maintained their participation and those who did not.
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We also used t-tests to examine whether our two categorical individual differences (gender, video gaming experience) were related to navigation behavior.
One-sample proportional test to examine whether a sample value differs from a population value [17].
We also computed the Shapiro test to examine whether the residuals were normally distributed.
Based on this, we used an ANOVA test to examine whether different demographic groups present significant differences in physical/online mean duration (see Tables 2 and 3).
We apply a statistical test to examine whether the data of the sunspot area ratios are dependent with heliolatitude on not.
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