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For tests of publication bias, visual inspection of the Begg's funnel plots for all dementia, AD, and VaD did not reveal asymmetry (P>0.05).
In common with other tests of publication bias, P <.1 is usually taken as the threshold for significance.
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However, results from a test of publication bias suggested that region of interest approaches lacked evidential value.
For all meta-analyses, Egger's test of publication bias [ 16] was also conducted.
For all meta-analyses, Egger's test of publication bias [ 17] was also included.
As part of each meta-analysis we have carried out Egger's test of publication bias, though results are generally shown only in the detailed tables.
P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant except for the test of publication bias, in which the level of significance is P < 0.10 (14).
Two-sided P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant except for the test of publication bias, in which the level of significance was P < 0.10 (18).
Formal testing of publication bias by means of funnel plot analysis was not performed since this test requires a well-defined and well-measured effect size in all studies, which was not the case here.
It is also a test of publication bias within the sample of included primary research studies, i.e. is the absence of some a priori themes a reflection of understandable and reasonable differences between the a priori and final model on account of differences of setting, population etc. or does their absence need to be explored further by revisiting the literature.
We assessed publication bias visually through a funnel plot and quantitatively with Egger's graphical test (evidence of publication bias if the Egger's test p-value was < 0.05) (Egger et al. 1997).
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