Lastly, to test for putative multiple origins of populations of African olive in its whole invasive range (GISD 2010), four additional herbarium cuspidata samples from Raoul Island, Auckland Bay, Norfolk Island and Saint Helena Island were also characterized (Table S1).
To test the effect of population of origin we grouped the samples halves based on the site they originated from regardless of their transplant location during the study period.
Other statistics include tests of population differentiation (Fst, reflecting the level of genetic isolation between populations).
Table 2 shows the results of the statistical tests of population subdivision (χ, KST*, Snn) between the STP populations and the continental populations with the smallest FST.
The demographic history of the populations was inferred using two of the most powerful tests of population expansion: (i) Fu's Fs [ 65], which represents the probability of observing a similar or a higher number of haplotypes in a random neutral population given the observed value of theta.
These differences can be explained by the lack of assay standardization, the panel of antibodies tested, and the definition of population of patients.
Significant overlap was also observed between FFT outliers and PHS outliers identified in tests of individual populations (11 out of 21 populations had P values <0.01 based on permutations).
The locus-wise results of the exact test of population differentiation are shown in Table 2. Pair wise comparison of the sub-tribes of Adi reveal most significant difference (at 12 loci: D5S818, FGA, D21S11, D7S820, D3S1358, THO1, D13S317, D16S539, vWA, D18S818, D2S1338, D19S433) between Adi Pasi-Upper and Adi Panggi.
The difference between populations was calculated using Arlequin v3.1 (Excoffier et al. 2005) exact test of population differentiation of pairwise weighted mean FST (Weir and Cockerham 1984).
Such widespread pleiotropy must be taken into account in the modeling and testing of population genetic theory of sexual selection processes.
