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The Kappa statistic and McNemar's test were used for tests of agreement.
The conventional tests to evaluate random error include measures of reliability such as inter-rater reliability (tests of agreement between two independent raters) and tests of internal consistency (tests of the item correlations within parallel form scales).
Meta-analysis is a tool for quantitative systematic review of observational studies and controlled trials that weights available evidence based on the numbers of patients included, the effect size, and often statistical tests of agreement with other trials.
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If the Kappa Index (a test of agreement beyond chance) is greater than or equal to 80%, the observer receives approval to start the study.
The chi-square test, Spearman's correlation and Cohen's kappa test of agreement were carried out to analyze the agreement between portions, and P-values < 0.05 were considered significant.
We also note that whereas previous replications concerned null (non-significant) findings, the present study is evidence for successful replication of a positive intervention effect, which is arguably a stronger test of agreement.
We compared diagnoses at the patient level between the two time points by tabulating the diagnoses and carrying out a kappa test of agreement and the Stuart-Maxwell test for marginal homogeneity (an extension of the McNemar test to kxk table).
The results of the present study show that the attitude towards the simulator techniques tested, in terms of agreement that the simulator exercises should be included in the future curriculum, was high.
We then tested levels of agreement within and between panels.
During the interview the children were tested for agreement of the upper and lower boundaries of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine between the drawings included in the questionnaire (see Additional file 1) and the interview findings.
Soft sign tests kappa measure of agreement range was 0.57 - 1.00 (kappa).
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