For the instructor-developed test, all the items except one yes/no question met the set criteria, and thus only one item was excluded from the data analysis.
For each test, all the items are thought to be reflective indices of the same overall construct, which is described in the INVALSI test theoretical framework, and it is hypothesized and empirically verified that at least essential unidimensionality holds for the INVALSI test (INVALSI 2015b).
During pilot testing, all the items on the MMQL-AF were completed in 6 12 minutes.
During pilot testing, all the items on the MMQL-AF were completed in 6 12 minutes, indicating acceptable feasibility of the Japanese version of the MMQL-AF.
In one test, all items had a fixed number of associates (i.e., 3), and learners were informed on the number; in the other test, the number of associates varied, and for this test, learners were informed that the number of associates varied but without knowing which item had which number of associates.
In order to reduce the amount of data tested all items representing the mothers' relation to and feelings for the baby were entered into a principal component factor analysis using varimax rotation.
We varied the internal ordering of the two multiple true false item sets between tests; all other items were in the same order between versions.
Figure 3 SEM model with reciprocal paths - model B. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests of all items in the three behaviour constructs and parental involvement construct for children's gender provide significant results for only four items of a total of 24 items.
On comparing responses between urban and rural FPs, the rural FPs showed significantly higher levels of confidence than the urban FPs both at pre- and post-test over all items (p = 0.001), except for their confidence in ability to conduct brief intervention at pre-test (p = 0.123).
By means of a factor analysis (PCA; Varimax; eigenvalue), we tested whether all items measuring learning motivation reproduced the eight expected subscales.
