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Testing, "rigour" and a drive towards qualifications and results are a big part of today's education policy – yet few of the employers present ultimately rely on CVs or qualifications to choose staff.
In this study we included an "attention comparison" group rather than wait-list control due to ethical considerations, thus increasing the testing rigour of the intervention, but also increasing the likelihood of non-specific placebo effects on outcome measures due to the attention comparison participants also receiving an intervention of sorts [ 57].
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While Saracens' table-topping director of rugby Mark McCall claimed he was exasperated at all the chat after the 19-13 win over Bath on Saturday revolving around Maro Itoje, what else was there to do when Itoje had come through a first half of testing rigours on the back foot and was continuing to produce match-winning carries, jackals and tackles in the last 10 minutes?
Walker alleges that talk about scientific testing and rigour was actually a cloak for a far more commercial agenda.
Documents will be selected based on relevance (whether data can contribute to theory building and/or testing) and rigour (whether the methods used to generate the relevant data are credible and trustworthy).
Tests of rigour are built in the bespoke data extraction tool.
Key themes were identified and tested for rigour through inter-rater reliability and constant comparison.
In many respects, the study, and the times it reflects, resonate with the situation of widespread absolute poverty in developing economies at present, just as the methodology developed sets standards for the estimation of absolute poverty that still meet the tests of rigour today.
It would still need to work with government funded national anti-doping organisations where they exist (though even those considered an example to others, such as UK Anti Doping, are facing swingeing cuts) and bully as well as cajole sports into testing properly with rigour and independence.
Each fragment of evidence needs to be appraised, as it is extracted, for its relevance to theory testing and the rigour with which it has been produced.
But the inevitable limitations come from the reliability of those initial animal tests, from the rigour within the model development and review process, and from the similarity of the target chemical to those tested.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com