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Another merit of the scales is that information bias was sought reduced by several means: First by addressing face validity through pilot testing of the items and second, by a high construct validity confirmed by the GLLRMs analyses.
Prior to undertaking data analysis for this study, we conducted psychometric testing of the items and scales.
The combined approach allowed comprehensibility testing of the items (statements) of the HPO measurement tool and the verification of the respondents "perceptual" response.
16 The first method is to perform cognitive testing of the items (asking respondents after they complete each question if they understand what the question is assessing) by target sample.
Although these results closely match those obtained from a qualitative study conducted in the same setting previously [ 38], concurrent qualitative research or further field testing of the items could have resulted in increasing the total variance explained by the scale.
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Future testing of the item with the addition of a clinical scenario that establishes a clear need to integrate clinical expertise and research evidence is warranted.
Pre-testing of the items was conducted for eight instruments.
Twelve people recovering from a proximal humeral fracture were recruited for pilot-testing of the items.
We report 3 different behavioral measures (see Table 1): Second language vocabulary knowledge, self-rated proficiency and the postscanning reading test of the items seen in the scanner.
Cognitive testing of the revised items is suggested to ensure items are understood as intended.
The conventional tests to evaluate random error include measures of reliability such as inter-rater reliability (tests of agreement between two independent raters) and tests of internal consistency (tests of the item correlations within parallel form scales).
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