Such widespread pleiotropy must be taken into account in the modeling and testing of population genetic theory of sexual selection processes.
Based on these findings and on further testing of population stratification, GWAS was conducted using a mixed model approach with PC-adjustment.
Studies of prognosis in BRCA1 germline mutation carriers have been inconsistent; studies based on carriers identified through clinical testing in high-risk families have shown a relatively good prognosis, whereas studies based on testing of population series have shown a poor prognosis [ 48].
Hitherto, the principal obstacles to such testing of populations in LMICs have been test cost and inadequate community genetics and medical infrastructure to administer tests, interpret results and provide appropriate counseling and medical treatments.
As the test suggested a non-normal distribution, we applied the Kruskal-Wallis test for testing equality of population medians among groups.
Other statistics include tests of population differentiation (Fst, reflecting the level of genetic isolation between populations).
Exact tests of population differentiation were also performed among all pairs of populations using Genepop [42], [43].
Tests of population stratification, batch effects, SNPs disrupting probe hybridization, and systematically inflated p-values all showed the lack of any confounding factors (see Materials and Methods).
The results obtained from the exact test of population differentiation, for the 15 STR loci, also show wide diversity among the Adi sub-tribes.
Most exact tests of population differentiation were significant but some populations, in Central (SLO1, HU2, HU6, HU3) and Eastern Europe (PO2, UKR1, UKR2, RU4 and RU5), appeared clearly less differentiated from North American populations than the others (Table S2).
In addition, the test of population homogeneity confirmed that our population was homogeneous, as the clusterization of individuals was not significant (lambda = 1.0032 for ΔDBP120, lambda = 1.0044 for ΔSBP120 and lambda = 1.0008 for PNat120).
