Concerns raised about the effects of gene patents on diagnostics include sole provider companies' ability to set a de facto national standard of clinical care, higher costs, lower quality, inhibition of better testing methods, impediments to clinical research, and limitations on medical professionals' education.
In addition, ' fearing the negative consequences of a positive test result' and the corresponding uncertainty regarding the chain of events following a positive test result was also an impediment to testing: "Is taking the medication hard?
Restrictions imposed by obscure sources and small amounts of material available for testing were initially impediments to their study.
However, studies based on urine samples from women have shown lower sensitivity compared to endocervical swabs [ 12, 13], a potential impediment for testing, especially for screening purposes.
However, newly adopted evaluation models that link teacher (and often principal) ratings to student performance on standardized tests are a significant impediment.
A major impediment to minimizing testing is patient expectation.
Those views were echoed by Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld, who told a group of supporters of missile defense that the treaty was "an impediment" to robust testing.
Equally, attitudes to sex with positive men remained an impediment to recent testing.
It is not clear how serious an impediment new financial tests will be.
Cho (1999, p. 3) believes that "rating discrepancy between raters may cause a very serious impediment to assuring test validation, thereby incurring the mistrust of the language assessment process itself".
18 23 24 25 Several impediments to HIV testing of men who have sex with men have been identified.
