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Most adults with pneumonia, whether civilian or military, do not undergo etiologic testing for pneumonia.
Current microbiological testing for pneumonia relies primarily upon blood cultures and microscopic examination and culture of tracheal/bronchoalveolar aspirates.
Standard routine diagnostic testing for pneumonia patients involves a legionellosis urine antigen test, which detects only L. pneumophila serogroup 1 (22 ).
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Testing for additional S. pneumoniae R6 mutants made resistant to Dp-1 again revealed that three out of the four additional mutants had the same mutation as R6-DP1R (Table 5), although this time we cannot exclude that the same clone had been selected multiple times from the original culture.
During February 1 , 2010 January 31 , 2012a total of 2,898 respiratory specimens were tested for M. pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae by using a multiplex testing real-time assay (ProPneumo-1 Assay; Gen-Probe Inc., San Diego, CA, USA).
All of these samples were previously tested for other pneumonia agents (4 ).
Acute and convalescent sera were collected and tested for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, L. pneumophila and Chlamydia pneumoniae.
As a very high percentage (up to 40%) of HIV patients are not known to be HIV infected at the time of ICU admission, the clinicians should keep a low threshold for requesting HIV testing for patients with recurrent pneumonia.
In addition to blood cultures, blood was tested for S. pneumoniae, Mycoplasma and Chlamydia using PCR and identified 8% of children with pneumococcal pneumonia [ 18].
As shown in Table 1, we examined a total of 146 clinical respiratory specimens; of which 58 were previously tested for C. pneumoniae using a "home-brew" real-time PCR and 88 were previously tested for M. pneumoniae using culture.
Overall, 783 CAP patients were enrolled during March 2011 December 2012 and were tested for M. pneumoniae; 96 (12.3%) were positive.
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