Almost since the day he got saved, he has been a preacher, a gospel singer, a testifier.
As an informal adviser, lobbyist, testifier, writer of op-ed articles and, yes, signer of tracts, Warnke on the outside was pretty much the same as Warnke on the inside.
The testifier in chief is Jim Rassmann, the former Green Beret whom Mr. Kerry rescued in Vietnam, and who surprised his savior by showing up on the campaign trail in Iowa in January to share his story.
Deferment to the original testifier can then be offered as a problem for reductionism.
Another question here is: must the testifiee know that the testifier is an authority in this sense or not?
The language processing mechanism was described above as one which issues in the testifiee believing that which the testifier says.
As with memory, whose correctness is dependent on the veridicality or non-veridicality of the cognition that forms the saṃskāra memory-impression, the veridicality of testimony depends on the knowledge of the testifier (or of an original testifier in a chain of testimony) whose source has to be other than testimony, namely, perception or inference.
It remains possible, though the facts in the case may in principle render it wildly improbable, that the testifier is either a deceiver or himself deceived; and so long as those possibilities exist, there will be logical space for other forms of evidence to bear on the conclusion.
With a little interpretative licence, we might think that these two conditions correspond to the two conditions imposed by The Manual of Reason on testimony: that the testifier must be an 'authority' (āpta), and that the sentence must be 'semantically fit' (yogya).
The truth of the testifiee's belief will therefore depend upon whether or not the testifier is speaking truly, and so this should be called the 'guṇa' here.
For Daukas, epistemic trustworthiness includes dispositions to both represent oneself as a credible testifier and reliably judge the credibility of others.
