Furthermore, this test has been shown to have low sensitivity and specificity, due to problems standardising muscular effort and variability in muscle afferent activity when tested in trained versus untrained muscles [ 7, 16].
Yet only 600-700 out-of-competition tests were carried out in 2012 as part of the BHA's "testing in training" sampling programme.
"There could be a number of reasons why a yard could be idenitified for testing in training but we do not disclose the strategy for this," said the BHA.
Zarooni's ban from the sport comes less than a week after the BHA published the results of its "testing in training" visit to the famous Moulton Paddocks stable.
Walker's partnership with Gillian Cooke showed promise last season, but following intensive testing in training over the summer months Rebekah Wilson has now joined as brakesman in the women's lead two-man crew.
This allows checking the expected accuracy when gradient predictions exceed the initial solvent concentrations tested in the training set.
The ability to acquire and recall the location of the goal (baited) ziggurat was tested in consecutive training sessions of eight trials per day for 10 days.
Animals received either 1 or 5 shocks (1 minute inter-trial interval (ITI)) and were then tested in the training context immediately, 2 hours or 24 hours later.
The robustness of these estimates was tested in the training set by bootstrap procedure, using 1000 samples extracted with replacement.
