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We tested for population and sex effects and population by sex interactions by ANOVA in R (www.r-project.org).org
All NSCS were in Hardy & Weinberg equilibrium and four showed no evidence of population stratification but rs17101193 (neuregulin 3) could not be tested for population stratification due to a lack of informative families and was excluded from the population based association test.
The first series (CG1) comprised 917 Spanish individuals, including breast cancer patients and controls that were previously employed in [21], [39]; a sub-sample of the CG1 was previously tested for population stratification by means of a panel of neutral autosomal SNPs [40].
We tested for population expansions by calculating Fu's FS [ 56], using 10,000 permutations in ARLEQUIN.
First, we tested for population and spatial range expansions with mismatch distributions between haplotypes using arlequin.
We tested for population heterogeneity in SNP genotype frequencies across unaffected parents using Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance.
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Demographic stability (or selective neutrality) was tested for populations and phylogenetic groupings of populations in G. theklae and G. cristata (see above) using Fu's Fs statistic [ 103].
Our field surveys of scats were also specifically designed for CR analyses, enabling us to test for population closure, estimate capture probabilities and tiger abundance.
Hierarchical Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) [64] was conducted using Arlequin 2.0 [65] to test for population genetic structure among four regions across the seven sampled populations.
To determine the effect of frozen preservation on isolated bovine mammary epithelial cells, we cultured both isolated and resuscitated cells in induction media to test for population proliferation.
We used two population genetic methods to test for population structure with the nuclear genotype matrix.
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