More than 1,800 people have been arrested — mostly suspected cheaters, middlemen and testing administrators — and hundreds more are on the run.
Further, the administration and scoring procedures mirrored the procedures used by the test administrators and raters of the two tests.
Three teachers and test administrators are also implicated.
Drug test administrators have struggled with this problem for years.
The test administrators translate scores into three achievement levels: advanced, proficient and basic.
To ensure that scores are fair, test administrators employ a statistical methodology called equating.
Teachers, test administrators and private instructors are named as co-conspirators in the federal charging documents.
"The clinical judgments of Wilson's test administrators support the court's analysis," he wrote.
With the collusion of test administrators, Mr. Riddell could secretly take the test or correct answers on the test.
Instead of offering the tests only twice a year in huge auditoriums on Saturday mornings, E.T.S. and other test administrators allow students to schedule their own tests.
Findings can assist writing program administrators, placement test administrators, and writing instructors who need to accommodate both international and resident second-language learners.
