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Four beams were tested, a reference beam without CFRP, and three beams flexurally strengthened using different percentage of laminates.
Four RC slabs were tested, a reference slab (without CFRP), and three slabs flexurally strengthened using NSM CFRP laminates with different prestress level of the ultimate tensile strength of the CFRP: 0%, 20% and 40%.
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By testing a reference food, the GI method takes into account 'between-person variation'.
Two interchangeable reference arms were tested: a standard reference arm (SRA) and the dispersive optical delay line (D-ODL).
Or when only subjects with symptoms of GERD such as vomiting are tested with a reference test, because of ethical considerations (i.e. the reference test is considered to be too invasive [ 9]).
In eleven studies all subjects were tested with a reference test (table 3).
The first study [ 10] is based on a review of records, whereas in the second study [ 7] a large group is tested with a reference test, irrespective of the symptoms.
The main reasons for overestimation are the retrospective use of records for extraction of symptoms and/or diagnosis of GERD, the selection of subjects who are tested with a reference test (verification bias), and studies conducted with higher risk populations.
4 An investigational medicinal product is a pharmaceutical form of an active substance or placebo being tested, or to be tested, as a reference in a clinical trial.
For qualification of the assay, we next tested a set of reference compounds (chemotherapeutic agents) of well-defined aneugenicity.
The raw material Nb2O5 is tested as a reference.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com