This three-study investigation was undertaken to develop, validate, and test the Contesting Orientations Scale (COS), a new measure designed to assess individuals' tendencies to use contest-is-partnership and contest-is-war conceptual metaphors (i.e., contesting orientations) when competing (Shields & Bredemeier, 2009, 2011a).
And so, in this contest, fotemustine was tested always in temozolomide-refractory patients and can be a valid second-line treatment (see Table 2).
This contest became the litmus test for the U.S. as a tolerant and free country, something which it has always prided itself to be.
It is a pity, to be sure, that an awkward squad of European politicians wants to test and contest the authority of the new European Central Bank and the fiscal rules of the new single-money system but even here things are not as bad as they might be.
This contest feels crass.
Global futures knowledge can be enabled by working with narratives and numbers to test and contest facts and assumptions.
Assumptions about the future are inherent in understanding the present situation and hard to reveal, test, and contest.
"Measurable changes" section discusses how it is possible to compliment and challenge conventional policy analysis that focusses on the facts about the past, with Strategic Foresight methods that reveal, test and contest assumptions about the future.
In effect, in the absence of any direct experience of the future, expert judgement reflects assumptions about the future that are often deeply held and difficult to reveal, test, and contest in the same way as data can be used to verify facts.
By paying attention to alternative stories of the future of work – stories that are already emerging in the present – it is possible to test and contest qualitative assumptions and to engage with strategic frames that would otherwise remain implicit and unchallenged.
