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Most drug companies get completely different results in dogs, cats, mice and humans, but now they will be able to test the specific effects of drugs with greater accuracy and speed".
Three different types of endothelial cells were used in several in vitro assays designed to test the specific effects of tested compounds on different key steps of the angiogenic process.
To test the specific effects of 2-butene-1,4-dial on biological processes more fully, the team exposed the compound to mouse liver proteins.
Semi-purified diets were custom-prepared (Harlan-Teklad, Madison, WI, USA) in order to test the specific effects of sulfur amino acid (SAA) supplementation [18].
Three models per outcome were performed to test the specific effects of fish or shellfish intake, separately and together.
Following smoothness estimation (29), linear contrasts of parameter estimates were defined to test the specific effects of each condition with each individual dataset.
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To test the specific effect of the cut-off threshold on the group clustering the number of clusters was kept fixed for all 5 group clusterings to the found optimum of 7. The 5 computed group clustermaps showed large overlap for all of the 7 clusters, indicating that the optimization procedure resulted in a stable clustering (Figure 4).
Therefore, in this current study we took an in vitro approach to further test the specific effect of different chemotherapeutic agents on B7-H1 expression.
Although we did not test the specific effect of expert versus non-expert endorsements, nor the type of expert providing the endorsement, the subjective differences noted between the two versions may be affected by endorsements and who provides them.
The control over content delivered also opens up for dismantling studies, as modules can easily be added or taken out to test the specific effect of a treatment component, as shown by Ljótsson et al 69 where the specific effect of systematic exposure on Irritable Bowel Syndrome symptoms was tested.
A Cochrane review updated in 2007 6 concluded that little evidence supports the effectiveness of scientific peer review, since most studies tested the specific effects of masking either authors or reviewers.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com