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For the single test sample, significance of the proximity to template is estimated as a nominal p-value based on a null distribution for the distance d generated by randomly resampling nA+nB genes from the N genes multiple times (default is 1,000 times).
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Differences in reliability between formula and number-right scoring tests were tested using the K-sample significance test for independent alpha coefficients (Hakstian and Whalen 1976).
(b) Tests of statistical significance across all clinical disciplines were done using Kruskal-Wallis test for independent samples, significance level is P = 0.05 When asked about what types of information was generally disclosed to patients prior to obtaining consent.
Student's t test for independent samples (significance level p < 0.05) was used to compare the group mean values for every tooth.
In general the reliability for NR scores was significantly and substantially lower than for FS scores for both tests A and B when using the K-sample significance test for independent alpha coefficients (Hakstian and Whalen 1976).
We called the academic discipline "statistics" and used its fundamental concepts – means, medians, probability distributions, sampling, significance tests, bias etc – as ways of extracting meaning from data.
When analysis was performed using samples from a single clade (only the North contained sufficient samples to test significance) no significant variation was detected between groups (Urban vs. Natural).
Using Wilcoxon's one-sample test, statistical significance is assigned to the accumulated ranking scores obtainable from a series of independent perceptron runs.
Given the size of the sample, tests of significance (to test the null hypothesis) and effect size (to assess the magnitude of difference) were carried out at each stage.
Using the sample sizes, test and significance level of an existing AD GWAS (Harold et al. 2009), we estimated the power to be 14.8 %.
The sample size achieved (Table 1) corresponds to a power of 80percentntoto detect a difference in change between the two surgical procedures of around 7 points, using Student's independent-samples t test (5percentnt significance level) and assuming a standard deviation of 20 points in both samples.
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