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Test 2, the branch-site test of positive selection, compares model A [ 23, 24] with model A with ω2 = 1 fixed (null model).
We performed the Test 2 or "branch-site test of positive selection" [ 51, 52] (see Methods) contrasting the model A against itself with ω2 fixed to 1 for each PD branch as defined in Figure 4 (FishBrain, FishTj, or MERPs).
In 1988, the author designed and validated the first comprehensive test of "positive" work-related characteristics or "emotional IQ," the Hilson Personnel Profile/Success Quotient (HPP/SQ).
More recently, Fletcher and Yang [40] showed that alignment errors can lead to a high number of false positives for the branch-site test of positive selection.
We used the likelihood-ratio test 2 (i.e., the branch-site test of positive selection) constructed from this branch-site model [47].
Indeed, both the test of positive selection (model A; see Methods and [29]) and its variant (model B; see Methods and [30]) have highly significant P-values (Table 1).
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When examining modes of selection acting on MHC DRB exon 2, there were signs of positive selection acting on this region of the genome with greater rates of nonsynonymous than synonymous substitutions found at the peptide binding regions (Table 4: P = 0.005, Z-test of positive selection).
dN/dS ratios were determined and the Z-test of positive selection was applied for the genes revealing dN/dS > 1.
Additionally, to test the significance of positive selection on the rps7 gene, all the sequences available from the 100 taxa were aligned as above and analysed using Codon Based Z-test of positive selection from Mega 6 [ 44].
A one-tailed Z-test of positive selection (500 bootstrap replicates) tested the null hypothesis of neutral evolution for putative peptide binding sites, non-binding sites, and the full peptide binding region.
We verified that 150 genes (~17%) revealed a dN/dS > 1, but only 31 (3.5%) showed a significant Z-test of positive selection (Table S2) and were thus considered as putative targets of positive selection.
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