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More interestingly, a highly significant host-species-dependent effect of the pipo allele was found (GLM test of "host × pipo" interaction: χ = 13.994, 2 d.f., P = 0.001).
Significant differences in Malthusian growth rate exist between the three hosts (GLM test of "host" effect: χ = 70.8398, 2 d.f., P < 0.001), with growth rates being larger in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana and lower in B. rapa.
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Sexton had been told by head coach Joe Schmidt that he had to train fully in Friday's session to warrant selection for the daunting test of hosting the world champions, who are unbeaten in 2013.
Despite this, the identifications given in Table 1 are at least valid "morphospecies" fulfilling the requirements for our home vs. away test of host-plant responses to colonizing bacterial strains.
These points suggests that, if the history of active expansion of retroelements within a group can be deciphered, it might be possible to use this information in the same way that parasite data are conventionally used [ 7], to perform tests of host phylogenetic relationships that are at least logically independent of other data sources.
Experimental tests of host-specificity suggest that virus strains are specific to their host genus (Table 1), and infect in majority host species from the same clade (Table 1 and Figure 1).
Assessment of potential reservoir taxa by using these criteria has begun (A.T. Peterson et al., unpub. data), with the idea of eventually testing hypotheses of host associations through ecologic niche comparison methods (22 ).
Details of the 31 cultivars/accessions of sunflower tested for host specificity of the rust are given in Table 3.
Epiphyte 'abundance' per tree is the most commonly used response variable to test for host biases: 38%% of the analyses use a measure of abundance (Table 1 ).
We first used the adonis function in the vegan R package to test the effect of host species identity on BCD, MNTD and Unifrac distance.
To test the effect of host stage on subsequent host choices by females (Experiment 1), we used the two types of S. harmandi (Ma colony and Sp colony), based on their rearing histories.
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