Fourthly, we used a test of diversification that takes into account branch lengths, i.e. the elapsed time between the nodes of the family-level tree, LASER [ 23].
Using a topology-based test of diversification [ 20], a total of 135 significant rate shifts were identified, with a similar figure found for the constrained tree (139; Table 1).
For time intervals of one million year, we calculated net diversification rates under a relative high level of background extinction (0.9 using equation 10 of Magallón and Sanderson [ 19]. Thirdly, we applied a topological-based test of diversification.
Applying various tests of diversification that take into account topology, branch length, numbers of extant species as well as extinction, we evaluated diversification rates through time.
Given that they diversified within a single geographic setting, these frogs can serve as an excellent model group to test mechanisms of diversification and correlates of diversity, and their large species diversity allows to base PCM calculations on pairs of sister species additional to tree-based methods.
We present an analysis of phylogeographic patterns of endemic Azorean island arthropods aimed at testing patterns of diversification in relation to the ontogeny of the archipelago, in order to distinguish between alternative models of evolutionary dynamics on islands.
The temporal method BDL was used to test specific hypotheses of diversification rate shifts [ 39, 53].
To test the hypothesis of diversification rate change further, we also used a method for detecting multifurcations, or molecular polytomies, using likelihood ratio tests [ 68, 69], expecting a reasonable coincidence of branch lengths not significantly different from zero with regions of diversification rate change.
We used the gamma statistic [ 48] implemented in the R package GEIGER [ 49] to test whether rates of diversification have been constant through time; since taxon sampling is complete in Cheirolophus, there was no need to use the MCCR test to correct this statistic [ 48].
High mobility due to soaring and gliding flight, occurrence of several species in ecotones, and the pattern of sister relationships between forest and non-forest species suggest that buteonine species offer future opportunities to test alternative models of diversification in the Neotropics using phylogeographic data.
Seven whole-tree tests of differential diversification rates, each sensitive to different scenarios and nodal depths, are employed.
