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Importantly for A. nidulans mutant screens, this is a manageable number of candidate mutations to test for causation of the selected phenotype when combined with the power of haploidization and/or meiotic mapping, or with bulk segregant analysis.
My test of formative causation was to have students learn random sequences of letters, test the students, provide a second set of randomly sequenced letters half of which had been learned before and half unseen sequences, and test again to see if recall on previously learned sequences was better than sequences learned only once.
Also in this subset of the study population, we conducted a direct test of reverse causation for the association between postpartum depression and height outcomes at age 3: we examined whether length at birth predicted postpartum depression, controlling for maternal age, race/ethnicity, height, pregnancy weight gain, household income, and child gender.
As a test of reverse causation, we performed a logistic regression on diabetes status at baseline as a predictor of antidepressant use at follow-up among participants not on antidepressant treatment at baseline.
Thus, in relation to diabetes-related metabolic factors, our use of employment grade as a measure of SES, given its moderate associated with education, probably provided a conservative test of the social causation hypothesis.
(Lewis distinguishes such cases of preemption from cases of symmetrical overdetermination in which two processes terminate in the effect, with neither process preempting the other. Lewis believes that these cases are not suitable test cases for a theory of causation since they do not elicit clear judgements).
We also excluded test taken within 3 weeks after the previous hospitalization due to the fact that these tests may reflect a causal association of last hospitalization event on test scores which is not direction of causation we want to study.
Yohe found these tests to be a compelling demonstration of causation, even though the data sets were smaller.
In fact, we are unable to find an empirically tested search strategy for the retrieval of causation studies in EMBASE.
153 Only by the collection of statistics on a national scale could adequate data be collected to enable environmental and social hypotheses of causation to be tested.
The pair-wise Granger causality tests are carried out to identify the direction of causation between GDP growth and electricity consumption.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com