Actually, what these findings ought to indicate is how much education – and the testing of achievement – has been run by institutions for the benefit of institutions, as a competition and not a means to develop individuals.
** While standardized tests of achievement are also privileged measures of giftedness, they are for the most part IQ tests in disguise.
As well as tests of achievement, we also included ability tests in our web-based cognitive battery at 12 years.
ii) Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Achievement (3rd Ed: WJIII ACH).
The Reading Fluency subscale of the Woodcock Johnson-III Tests of Achievement [ 34] was administered to determine automaticity of identifying words, to provide a confirmatory index of Specific Learning Disabilities.
ADHD: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; EEG: Electroencephalography; ASRS: Adult ADHD Self Report Scale; CFQ: Cognitive Failures Questionnaire; WJ-III: Woodcock Johnson-III Tests of Achievement; WAIS-IV: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Fourth Edition.
Their performance was comparable on academic achievement measures: Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ-III) [ 49] Broad Reading Cluster (Letter/Word Identification, Reading Fluency, and Passage Comprehension): C: 102.92 (26.79); E: 103.12 (11.13); p = 0.98; Academic Skill Cluster (Letter/Word Identification, Calculation, and Spelling): C: 105.13 (31.47); E: 105.81 (11.60); p = 0.94.
Part of the problem could be tackled by presenting participants with both symbolic numerical tasks which are known not to correlate with non-symbolic numerical tasks (e.g., calculation subtest of the Woodcock Johnson III tests of achievement, see [ 60]) and the symbolic task adopted in this study.
A similar pattern is found for genetic and shared environmental influences on test data of achievement (Figure 1b).
