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Intra- and inter-rater reliability ranged from moderate to almost perfect agreement with the exception of a new test (neck extensor test), which ranged from slight to moderate agreement.
Intra-rater reliability ranged from moderate to almost perfect agreement for joint position error (ICC ≥ 0.48-0.82), the cranio-cervical flexion test (ICC ≥ 0.69), the neck flexor muscle endurance test performed in supine (ICC ≥ 0.68) and in a 45°-upright position (ICC ≥ 0.41) with the exception of a new test (neck extensor test), which ranged from slight to moderate agreement (ICC = 0.14-0.41).
During each primary plane ROM test neck flexibility was also assessed by the degree of motion in accessory planes, i.e., conjunct motion (CM), which was calculated as the maximum ROM in the two associated movement planes, adopted from Woodhouse et al. [ 14].
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By passive trunk-on-head rotation, we tested neck inputs to FEF pursuit neurons in 2 monkeys.
All patients had nasopharyngeal and skull base computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), endoscopic evaluation, complete blood counts, hepatic and renal function tests, neck and abdomen ultrasound, and bone scanning.
The five tests were joint position error, the cranio-cervical flexion test, the neck flexor muscle endurance test performed in supine and in a 45°-upright position and a new neck extensor test.
When they no longer responded to the tail pinch test, the neck area was shaved and the skin was swabbed with betadine followed by 70%% alcohol.
Nine studies assessed a muscle endurance test for neck flexors with the patient in supine position.
Grimmer et al. [ 26] described a muscle performance test targeting neck flexor muscle endurance [ 26].
Here we test whether neck muscle size is positively associated with cognition and brain structure in older men.
Experimental subjects (n = 19) consisted of volunteers with positive scores of ≥3 from the same psychometric test indicating neck pain.
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